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Isolated Sigma-Delta Modulator AD7401A
FEATURES
20 MHz maximum external clock rate Second-order modulator 16 bits, no missing codes 2 LSB INL typical at 16 bits 1 V/C typical offset drift On-board digital isolator On-board reference 250 mV analog input range Low power operation: 17 mA typical at 5.5 V -40C to +125C operating range 16-lead SOIC package Internal clock version: AD7400A Safety and regulatory approvals UL recognition 3750 V rms for 1 minute per UL 1577 CSA Component Acceptance Notice #5A VDE Certificate of Conformity DIN V VDE V 0884-10 (VDE V 0884-10):2006-12 VIORM = 891 V peak
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The AD7401A1 is a second-order, sigma-delta (-) modulator that converts an analog input signal into a high speed, 1-bit data stream with on-chip digital isolation based on Analog Devices, Inc., iCoupler(R) technology. The AD7401A operates from a 5 V power supply and accepts a differential input signal of 250 mV (320 mV full scale). The analog input is continuously sampled by the analog modulator, eliminating the need for external sample-and-hold circuitry. The input information is contained in the output stream as a density of ones with a data rate up to 20 MHz. The original information can be reconstructed with an appropriate digital filter. The serial I/O can use a 5 V or a 3 V supply (VDD2). The serial interface is digitally isolated. High speed CMOS, combined with monolithic air core transformer technology, means the on-chip isolation provides outstanding performance characteristics, superior to alternatives such as optocoupler devices. The part contains an on-chip reference. The AD7401A is offered in a 16-lead SOIC and has an operating temperature range of -40C to +125C.
APPLICATIONS
AC motor controls Shunt current monitoring Data acquisition systems Analog-to-digital and opto-isolator replacements
FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
VDD1 VDD2
AD7401A
VIN+ VIN-
T/H
- ADC UPDATE WATCHDOG
BUF
ENCODE
DECODE
MDAT
REF
CONTROL LOGIC
WATCHDOG
UPDATE
DECODE
ENCODE
MCLKIN
GND1
GND2
Figure 1.
1
Protected by U.S. Patents 5,952,849; 6,873,065; and 7,075,329. Other patents pending. Rev. 0
Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties that may result from its use. Specifications subject to change without notice. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices. Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A. Tel: 781.329.4700 www.analog.com Fax: 781.461.3113 (c)2008 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
07332-001
AD7401A TABLE OF CONTENTS
Features .............................................................................................. 1 Applications ....................................................................................... 1 General Description ......................................................................... 1 Functional Block Diagram .............................................................. 1 Revision History ............................................................................... 2 Specifications..................................................................................... 3 Timing Specifications .................................................................. 5 Insulation and Safety-Related Specifications ............................ 6 Regulatory Information ............................................................... 6 DIN V VDE V 0884-10 (VDE V 0884-10) Insulation Characteristics .............................................................................. 7 Absolute Maximum Ratings............................................................ 8 ESD Caution .................................................................................. 8 Pin Configuration and Function Descriptions ............................. 9 Typical Performance Characteristics ........................................... 10 Terminology .................................................................................... 13 Theory of Operation ...................................................................... 14 Circuit Information.................................................................... 14 Analog Input ............................................................................... 14 Differential Inputs ...................................................................... 15 Current Sensing Applications ................................................... 15 Voltage Sensing Applications .................................................... 15 Digital Filter ................................................................................ 16 Applications Information .............................................................. 18 Grounding and Layout .............................................................. 18 Evaluating the AD7401A Performance ................................... 18 Insulation Lifetime ..................................................................... 18 Outline Dimensions ....................................................................... 19 Ordering Guide .......................................................................... 19
REVISION HISTORY
7/08--Revision 0: Initial Version
Rev. 0 | Page 2 of 20
AD7401A SPECIFICATIONS
VDD1 = 4.5 V to 5.5 V, VDD2 = 3 V to 5.5 V, VIN+ = -200 mV to +200 mV, and VIN- = 0 V (single-ended); TA = -40C to +125C, fMCLKIN = 16 MHz maximum, 1 tested with sinc3 filter, 256 decimation rate, as defined by Verilog code, unless otherwise noted. Table 1.
Parameter STATIC PERFORMANCE Resolution Integral Nonlinearity (INL) 3 Min 16 1.5 2 1.5 2 7 13 11 46 0.9 0.5 3.5 1.5 Y Version1, 2 Typ Max Unit Bits LSB LSB LSB LSB LSB mV V/C V/V mV mV V/C V/V mV A A A A pF dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB Bits kV/s V V A A pF Test Conditions/Comments Filter output truncated to 16 bits VIN+ = 200 V, TA = -40C to +85C, fMCLKIN = 20 MHz max1 VIN+ = 250 V, TA = -40C to +85C, fMCLKIN = 20 MHz max1 VIN+ = 200 V, TA = -40C to +125C, fMCLKIN = 20 MHz max1 VIN+ = 250 V, TA = -40C to +125C, fMCLKIN = 20 MHz max1 Guaranteed no missed codes to 16 bits, fMCLKIN = 20 MHz max,1 VIN+ = -250 mV to +250 mV fMCLKIN = 20 MHz max,1 VIN+ = -250 mV to +250 mV
Differential Nonlinearity (DNL)3 Offset Error3 Offset Drift vs. Temperature3 Offset Drift vs. VDD13 Gain Error3 Gain Error Drift vs. Temperature Gain Error Drift vs. VDD13 ANALOG INPUT Input Voltage Range Dynamic Input Current
3
.025 1 120 0.07 1 23 110 200 13 10 0.08 0.01 10 76 71 72 82 82 82 82
fMCLKIN = 20 MHz max,1 VIN+ = -250 mV to +250 mV
250 18 15 0.6
For specified performance; full range 320 mV VIN+ = 500 mV, VIN- = 0 V, fMCLKIN = 20 MHz max1 VIN+ = 400 mV, VIN- = 0 V, fMCLKIN = 20 MHz max1 VIN+ = 0 V, VIN- = 0 V, fMCLKIN = 20 MHz max1
DC Leakage Current Input Capacitance DYNAMIC SPECIFICATIONS Signal-to-(Noise + Distortion) Ratio (SINAD)3
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)3
81 80
83 82 -90 -92 13.3 30
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)3 Peak Harmonic or Spurious Noise (SFDR)3 Effective Number of Bits (ENOB)3 Isolation Transient Immunity3 LOGIC INPUTS Input High Voltage, VIH Input Low Voltage, VIL Input Current, IIN Floating State Leakage Current Input Capacitance, CIN 4
VIN+ = 5 kHz VIN+ = 200 V, TA = -40C to +85C, fMCLKIN = 5 MHz to 20 MHz1 VIN+ = 250 V, TA = -40C to +85C, fMCLKIN = 5 MHz to 20 MHz1 VIN+ = 200 V, TA = -40C to +125C, fMCLKIN = 5 MHz to 20 MHz1 VIN+ = 250 V, TA = -40C to +125C, fMCLKIN = 5 MHz to 20 MHz1 VIN+ = 250 V, TA = -40C to +125C, fMCLKIN = 5 MHz to 20 MHz1 VIN+ = 200 V, TA = -40C to +125C, fMCLKIN = 5 MHz to 20 MHz1 fMCLKIN = 20 MHz max1, VIN+ = -250 mV to +250 mV
12.3
25 0.8 x VDD2
0.2 x VDD2 0.5 1 10
Rev. 0 | Page 3 of 20
AD7401A
Parameter LOGIC OUTPUTS Output High Voltage, VOH Output Low Voltage, VOL POWER REQUIREMENTS VDD1 VDD2 IDD1 5 IDD2 6 Power Dissipation
1 2 3
Min VDD2 - 0.1
Y Version1, 2 Typ Max
Unit V V V V mA mA mA mW
Test Conditions/Comments IO = -200 A IO = +200 A
0.4 4.5 3 10 7 3 93.5 5.5 5.5 12 9 4
VDD1 = 5.5 V VDD2 = 5.5 V VDD2 = 3.3 V VDD1 = VDD2 = 5.5 V
For fMCLK > 16 MHz to 20 MHz, mark space ratio is 48/52 to 52/48, VDD1 = VDD2 = 5 V 5%, and TA = -40C to +85C. All voltages are relative to their respective ground. See the Terminology section. 4 Sample tested during initial release to ensure compliance. 5 See Figure 15. 6 See Figure 17.
Rev. 0 | Page 4 of 20
AD7401A
TIMING SPECIFICATIONS
VDD1 = 4.5 V to 5.5 V, VDD2 = 3 V to 5.5 V, TA = -40C to +125C, unless otherwise noted. Table 2.
Parameter 1 fMCLKIN 2, 3 t1 4 t24 t3 t4
1 2
Limit at TMIN, TMAX 20 5 25 15 0.4 x tMCLKIN 0.4 x tMCLKIN
Unit MHz max MHz min ns max ns min ns min ns min
Description Master clock input frequency Master clock input frequency Data access time after MCLKIN rising edge Data hold time after MCLKIN rising edge Master clock low time Master clock high time
Sample tested during initial release to ensure compliance. Mark space ratio for clock input is 40/60 to 60/40 for fMCLKIN 16 MHz and 48/52 to 52/48 for 16 MHz < fMCLKIN < 20 MHz. 3 VDD1 = VDD2 = 5 V 5% for fMCLKIN > 16 MHz to 20 MHz. 4 Measured with the load circuit of Figure 2 and defined as the time required for the output to cross 0.8 V or 2.0 V.
200A
IOL
TO OUTPUT PIN
1.6V CL 25pF 200A IOH
07332-002
Figure 2. Load Circuit for Digital Output Timing Specifications
t4
MCLKIN
07332-003
t1
MDAT
t2
t3
Figure 3. Data Timing
Rev. 0 | Page 5 of 20
AD7401A
INSULATION AND SAFETY-RELATED SPECIFICATIONS
Table 3.
Parameter Input-to-Output Momentary Withstand Voltage Minimum External Air Gap (Clearance) Minimum External Tracking (Creepage) Minimum Internal Gap (Internal Clearance) Tracking Resistance (Comparative Tracking Index) Isolation Group Symbol VISO L(I01) L(I02) Value 3750 min 7.46 min 8.1 min 0.017 min >175 IIIa Unit V mm mm mm V Conditions 1-minute duration Measured from input terminals to output terminals, shortest distance through air Measured from input terminals to output terminals, shortest distance path along body Insulation distance through insulation DIN IEC 112/VDE 0303 Part 1 Material Group (DIN VDE 0110, 1/89, Table I)
CTI
REGULATORY INFORMATION
Table 4.
UL 1 Recognized Under 1577 Component Recognition Program1 3750 V rms Isolation Voltage CSA Approved under CSA Component Acceptance Notice #5A Reinforced insulation per CSA 60950-1-03 and IEC 60950-1, 630 V rms maximum working voltage File 205078 VDE 2 Certified according to DIN V VDE V 0884-10 (VDE V 0884-10):2006-122 Reinforced insulation per DIN V VDE V 0884-10 (VDE V 0884-10):2006-12, 891 V peak
File E214100
1 2
File 2471900-4880-0001
In accordance with UL 1577, each AD7401A is proof tested by applying an insulation test voltage 4500 V rms for 1 second (current leakage detection limit = 7.5 A). In accordance with DIN V VDE V 0884-10, each AD7400A is proof tested by applying an insulation test voltage 1671V peak for 1 sec (partial discharge detection limit = 5 pC).
Rev. 0 | Page 6 of 20
AD7401A
DIN V VDE V 0884-10 (VDE V 0884-10):2006-12 INSULATION CHARACTERISTICS
This isolator is suitable for reinforced electrical isolation only within the safety limit data. Maintenance of the safety data is ensured by means of protective circuits. Table 5.
Description INSTALLATION CLASSIFICATION PER DIN VDE 0110 For Rated Mains Voltage 300 V rms For Rated Mains Voltage 450 V rms For Rated Mains Voltage 600 V rms CLIMATIC CLASSIFICATION POLLUTION DEGREE (DIN VDE 0110, TABLE 1) MAXIMUM WORKING INSULATION VOLTAGE INPUT-TO-OUTPUT TEST VOLTAGE, METHOD B1 VIORM x 1.875 = VPR, 100% Production Test, tm = 1 sec, Partial Discharge < 5 pC INPUT-TO-OUTPUT TEST VOLTAGE, METHOD A After Environmental Test Subgroup 1 VIORM x 1.6 = VPR, tm = 60 sec, Partial Discharge < 5 pC After Input and/or Safety Test Subgroup 2/ Safety Test Subgroup 3 VIORM x 1.2 = VPR, tm = 60 sec, Partial Discharge < 5 pC HIGHEST ALLOWABLE OVERVOLTAGE (TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGE, tTR = 10 sec) SAFETY-LIMITING VALUES (MAXIMUM VALUE ALLOWED IN THE EVENT OF A FAILURE, SEE Figure 4) Case Temperature Side 1 Current Side 2 Current INSULATION RESISTANCE AT TS, VIO = 500 V
350 300
Symbol
Characteristic I to IV I to II I to II 40/105/21 2 891 1671 1426 1069
Unit
VIORM VPR VPR
V peak V peak V peak V peak V peak C mA mA
VTR TS IS1 IS2 RS
6000 150 265 335 >109
SAFETY-LIMITING CURRENT (mA)
250 SIDE #2 200 150 SIDE #1 100 50 0
0
50
100 150 CASE TEMPERATURE (C)
200
Figure 4. Thermal Derating Curve, Dependence of Safety-Limiting Values with Case Temperature per DIN V VDE V 0884-10
Rev. 0 | Page 7 of 20
07332-004
AD7401A ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
TA = 25C, unless otherwise noted. All voltages are relative to their respective ground. Table 6.
Parameter VDD1 to GND1 VDD2 to GND2 Analog Input Voltage to GND1 Digital Input Voltage to GND2 Output Voltage to GND2 Input Current to Any Pin Except Supplies 1 Operating Temperature Range Storage Temperature Range Junction Temperature SOIC Package JA Thermal Impedance 2 JC Thermal Impedance2 Resistance (Input to Output), RI-O Capacitance (Input to Output), CI-O 3 Pb-Free Temperature, Soldering Reflow ESD
1 2
Rating -0.3 V to +6.5 V -0.3 V to +6.5 V -0.3 V to VDD1 + 0.3 V -0.3 V to VDD1 + 0.5 V -0.3 V to VDD2 + 0.3 V 10 mA -40C to +125C -65C to +150C 150C 89.2C/W 55.6C/W 1012 1.7 pF typ 260C 1.5 kV
Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only; functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational section of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. Table 7. Maximum Continuous Working Voltage1
Parameter AC Voltage, Bipolar Waveform AC Voltage, Unipolar Waveform DC Voltage Max 565 891 Unit V peak V peak Constraint 50-year minimum lifetime Maximum CSA/VDE approved working voltage Maximum CSA/VDE approved working voltage
891
V
1
Refers to continuous voltage magnitude imposed across the isolation barrier. See the Insulation Lifetime section for more details.
ESD CAUTION
Transient currents of up to 100 mA do not cause SCR to latch up. EDEC 2S2P standard board. 3 f = 1 MHz.
Rev. 0 | Page 8 of 20
AD7401A PIN CONFIGURATION AND FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS
VDD1 VIN- NC NC NC VDD1
1 16 15
GND2 NC VDD2
VIN+ 2
3 4 5 6 7
MCLKIN TOP VIEW (Not to Scale) 12 NC
13 11 10 9
AD7401A
14
MDAT NC
07332-005
GND1 8
GND2
NC = NO CONNECT
Figure 5. Pin Configuration
Table 8. Pin Function Descriptions
Pin No. 1, 7 2 3 4 to 6, 10, 12, 15 8 9, 16 11 13 14 Mnemonic VDD1 VIN+ VIN- NC GND1 GND2 MDAT MCLKIN VDD2 Description Supply Voltage, 4.5 V to 5.5 V. This is the supply voltage for the isolated side of the AD7401A and is relative to GND1. Positive Analog Input. Specified range of 250 mV. Negative Analog Input. Normally connected to GND1. No Connect. Ground 1. This is the ground reference point for all circuitry on the isolated side. Ground 2. This is the ground reference point for all circuitry on the nonisolated side. Serial Data Output. The single bit modulator output is supplied to this pin as a serial data stream. The bits are clocked out on the rising edge of the MCLKIN input and valid on the following MCLKIN rising edge. Master Clock Logic Input. 20 MHz maximum. The bit stream from the modulator is valid on the rising edge of MCLKIN. Supply Voltage. 3 V to 5.5 V. This is the supply voltage for the nonisolated side and is relative to GND2.
Rev. 0 | Page 9 of 20
AD7401A TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
TA = 25C, using 25 kHz brick-wall filter, unless otherwise noted.
100 90 80 70
SINAD (dB)
-90 -85 MCLKIN = 16MHz
VDD1 = VDD2 = 5V MCLKIN = 10MHz
-80 -75 -70 -65 -60 MCLKIN = 16MHz
PSRR (dB)
60 50 40 30 20 200mV p-p SINE WAVE ON V DD1 NO DECOUPLING 10 V = VDD2 = 5V DD1 1MHz CUTOFF FILTER 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 MCLKIN = 5MHz
MCLKIN = 10MHz
-55 -50
0.17 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.33
07332-006
600
700
800
900
1000
SUPPLY RIPPLE FREQUENCY (kHz)
INPUT AMPLITUDE (V)
Figure 6. PSRR vs. Supply Ripple Frequency Without Supply Decoupling
Figure 9. SINAD vs. VIN
-90 -85
=V =5 VDD1 V= VDD2V = 5V
DD1 DD2
0.4 0.3
MCLKIN = 16MHz -80 -75 -70 -65 -60 -55 -50 MCLKIN = 10MHz
DNL ERROR (LSB)
0.2 0.1 0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 V + = -200mV TO +200mV IN VIN- = 0V -0.5 0 10k 20k 30k CODE
SINAD (dB)
MCLKIN = 5MHz
07332-007
0
1k
2k
3k
4k
5k
6k
7k
8k
9k
10k
40k
50k
60k
INPUT FREQUENCY (Hz)
Figure 7. SINAD vs. Analog Input Frequency
20 0 -20 -40 -60 0.8
Figure 10. Typical DNL (200 mV Range)
4096 POINT FFT fIN = 5kHz SINAD = 81.984dB THD = -96.311dB DECIMATION BY 256
INL ERROR (LSB)
VIN+ = -200mV TO +200mV VIN- = 0V 0.6
0.4
(dB)
-80 -100 -120 -140 -160
07332-008
0.2
0
-0.2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
10k
20k
30k CODE
40k
50k
60k
FREQUENCY (kHz)
Figure 8. Typical FFT (200 mV Range)
Figure 11. Typical INL (200 mV Range)
Rev. 0 | Page 10 of 20
07332-011
-180
-0.4
07332-010
07332-009
AD7401A
250 200 150 100 VDD1 = VDD2 = 4.5V MCLKIN = 16MHz VDD1 = VDD2 = 4.5V MCLKIN = 5MHz VDD1 = VDD2 = 5V MCLKIN = 16MHz VDD1 = VDD2 = 4.5V MCLKIN = 10MHz VDD1 = VDD2 = 5V MCLKIN = 5MHz
0.0105 0.0100 0.0095 0.0090
VDD1 = VDD2 = 5V MCLKIN = 16MHz TA = -40C
MCLKIN = 16MHz TA = +85C
MCLKIN = 16MHz TA = +105C
OFFSET (V)
50 0 -50 -100 -150 -200 VDD1 = VDD2 = 5.25V MCLKIN = 16MHz VDD1 = VDD2 = 5V MCLKIN = 10MHz VDD1 = VDD2 = 5.25V MCLKIN = 10MHz VDD1 = VDD2 = 5.25V MCLKIN = 5MHz
IDD1 (A)
0.0085 0.0080 0.0075 0.0070 0.0065
MCLKIN = 10MHz TA = -40C
MCLKIN = 10MHz TA = +105C
MCLKIN = 10MHz TA = +85C
MCLKIN = 5MHz TA = +85C
MCLKIN = 5MHz TA = -40C
MCLKIN = 5MHz TA = +105C
07332-015
5
15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 TEMPERATURE (C)
07332-012
-250 -45 -35 -25 -15 -5
0.0060
-0.33 -0.28 -0.23 -0.18 -0.13 -0.08 -0.03 0.03 0.08 0.13 0.18 0.23 0.28 0.33
VIN DC INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
Figure 12. Offset Drift vs. Temperature for Various Supply Voltages
200.5 200.4 200.3 200.2
Figure 15. IDD1 vs. VIN at Various Temperatures
0.0070 0.0065 0.0060 0.0055 0.0050 MCLKIN = 16MHz
VDD1 = VDD2 = 4.5V MCLKIN = 16MHz VDD1 = VDD2 = 4.5V MCLKIN = 5MHz VDD1 = VDD2 = 5V MCLKIN = 16MHz VDD1 = VDD2 = 5.25V MCLKIN = 16MHz VDD1 = VDD2 = 5V MCLKIN = 10MHz
VDD1 = VDD2 = 4.5V MCLKIN = 10MHz VDD1 = VDD2 = 5V MCLKIN = 5MHz VDD1 = VDD2 = 5.25V MCLKIN = 10MHz
VDD1 = VDD2 = 5V TA = 25C
GAIN (mV)
200.1 200.0 199.9 199.8 199.7 199.6
IDD2 (A)
VDD1 = VDD2 = 5.25V MCLKIN = 5MHz
MCLKIN = 10MHz 0.0045 0.0040 0.0035 MCLKIN = 5MHz 0.0030 0.0025
07332-013
TEMPERATURE (C)
VIN DC INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
Figure 13. Gain Error Drift vs. Temperature for Various Supply Voltages
Figure 16. IDD2 vs. VIN DC Input Voltage
0.0105 0.0100 0.0095 0.0090 MCLKIN = 16MHz
VDD1 = VDD2 = 5V TA = 25C
0.0070 0.0065 0.0060 0.0055
VDD1 = VDD2 = 5V
MCLKIN = 16MHz TA = -40C
MCLKIN = 16MHz TA = +105C
MCLKIN = 16MHz TA = +85C
IDD1 (A)
0.0050
0.0085 0.0080 0.0075 0.0070 0.0065
IDD2 (A)
MCLKIN = 10MHz TA = -40C
MCLKIN = 10MHz TA = +105C
MCLKIN = 10MHz
0.0045 0.0040 0.0035 MCLKIN = 5MHz TA = -40C MCLKIN = 10MHz TA = +85C
MCLKIN = 5MHz
0.0030 0.0025
07332-014
0.0020
MCLKIN = 5MHz TA = +85C
MCLKIN = 5MHz TA = +105C
07332-017
-0.33 -0.28 -0.23 -0.18 -0.13 -0.08 -0.03 0.03 0.08 0.13 0.18 0.23 0.28 0.33
-0.225 -0.125 -0.025 0.075 0.175 0.275 -0.325 -0.275 -0.175 -0.075 0.025 0.125 0.225 0.325
VIN DC INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
VIN DC INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
Figure 14. IDD1 vs. VIN DC Input Voltage
Figure 17. IDD2 vs. VIN at Various Temperatures
Rev. 0 | Page 11 of 20
07332-016
199.5 -45 -35 -25 -15 -5
5
15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105
0.0020
-0.225 -0.125 -0.025 0.075 0.175 0.275 -0.325 -0.275 -0.175 -0.075 0.025 0.125 0.225 0.325
AD7401A
8 6 4 2
IIN (A)
VDD1 = VDD2 = 4.5V TO 5.25V MCLKIN = 16MHz MCLKIN = 10MHz
1.0 VDD1 = VDD2 = 5V 50kHz BRICK-WALL FILTER 0.8
0 -2 -4
MCLKIN = 5MHz
NOISE (mV)
0.6
0.4 MCLKIN = 5MHz 0.2
-6 -8
MCLKIN = 10MHz
0 0.05 -0.30 -0.25 -0.20 -0.15 -0.10
-0.30 -0.25 -0.20 -0.15 -0.10 -0.05
07332-018
MCLKIN = 16MHz
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
VIN- DC INPUT (V)
VIN DC INPUT (V)
Figure 18. IIN vs. VIN- DC Input
0
Figure 20. RMS Noise Voltage vs. VIN DC Input
=V = VDD1 = VVDD2 =5 V 5V
DD1 DD2
-20
-40
CMRR (dB)
MCLKIN = 5MHz -60 MCLKIN = 10MHz -80
-100
MCLKIN = 16MHz
1
10 RIPPLE FREQUENCY (kHz)
100
1000
Figure 19. CMRR vs. Common-Mode Ripple Frequency
07332-019
-120 0.1
Rev. 0 | Page 12 of 20
07332-020
-0.35
-0.05
0
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0
AD7401A TERMINOLOGY
Differential Nonlinearity (DNL) DNL is the difference between the measured and the ideal 1 LSB change between any two adjacent codes in the ADC. Integral Nonlinearity (INL) INL is the maximum deviation from a straight line passing through the endpoints of the ADC transfer function. The endpoints of the transfer function are specified negative full scale, -250 mV (VIN+ - VIN-), Code 7169 for the 16-bit level, and specified positive full scale, +250 mV (VIN+ - VIN-), Code 58366 for the 16-bit level. Offset Error Offset error is the deviation of the midscale code (32768 for the 16-bit level) from the ideal VIN+ - VIN- (that is, 0 V). Gain Error The gain error includes both positive full-scale gain error and negative full-scale gain error. Positive full-scale gain error is the deviation of the specified positive full-scale code (58366 for the 16-bit level) from the ideal VIN+ - VIN- (+250 mV) after the offset error is adjusted out. Negative full-scale gain error is the deviation of the specified negative full-scale code (7169 for the 16-bit level) from the ideal VIN+ - VIN- (-250 mV) after the offset error is adjusted out. Gain error includes reference error. Signal-to-(Noise and Distortion) Ratio (SINAD) SINAD is the measured ratio of signal-to-noise and distortion at the output of the ADC. The signal is the rms amplitude of the fundamental. Noise is the sum of all nonfundamental signals up to half the sampling frequency (fS/2), excluding dc. The ratio is dependent on the number of quantization levels in the digitization process; the more levels, the smaller the quantization noise. The theoretical signal-to-(noise and distortion) ratio for an ideal N-bit converter with a sine wave input is given by Signal-to-(Noise and Distortion) = (6.02N + 1.76) dB Therefore, for a 12-bit converter, this is 74 dB. Effective Number of Bits (ENOB) ENOB is defined by ENOB = (SINAD - 1.76)/6.02 bits Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) THD is the ratio of the rms sum of harmonics to the fundamental. For the AD7401A, it is defined as
THD(dB) = 20 log V2 2 + V32 + V4 2 + V5 2 + V6 2 V1
where: V1 is the rms amplitude of the fundamental. V2, V3, V4, V5, and V6 are the rms amplitudes of the second through the sixth harmonics. Peak Harmonic or Spurious Noise Peak harmonic or spurious noise is defined as the ratio of the rms value of the next largest component in the ADC output spectrum (up to fS/2, excluding dc) to the rms value of the fundamental. Normally, the value of this specification is determined by the largest harmonic in the spectrum, but for ADCs where the harmonics are buried in the noise floor, it is a noise peak. Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) CMRR is defined as the ratio of the power in the ADC output at 250 mV frequency, f, to the power of a 250 mV p-p sine wave applied to the common-mode voltage of VIN+ and VIN- of frequency, fS, as CMRR (dB) = 10 .log(Pf/PfS) where: Pf is the power at frequency, f, in the ADC output. PfS is the power at frequency, fS, in the ADC output. Power Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR) Variations in power supply affect the full-scale transition but not the converter's linearity. PSRR is the maximum change in the specified full-scale (250 mV) transition point due to a change in power supply voltage from the nominal value (see Figure 6). Isolation Transient Immunity The isolation transient immunity specifies the rate of rise/fall of a transient pulse applied across the isolation boundary beyond which clock or data is corrupted. The AD7401A was tested using a transient pulse frequency of 100 kHz.
Rev. 0 | Page 13 of 20
AD7401A THEORY OF OPERATION
CIRCUIT INFORMATION
The AD7401A isolated - modulator converts an analog input signal into a high speed (20 MHz maximum), single-bit data stream; the time average single-bit data from the modulators is directly proportional to the input signal. Figure 23 shows a typical application circuit where the AD7401A is used to provide isolation between the analog input, a current sensing resistor, and the digital output, which is then processed by a digital filter to provide an N-bit word. A differential input of 320 mV results in a stream of, ideally, all 1s. This is the absolute full-scale range of the AD7401A, and 200 mV is the specified full-scale range, as shown in Table 9. Table 9. Analog Input Range
Analog Input Full-Scale Range Positive Full Scale Positive Typical Input Range Positive Specified Input Range Zero Negative Specified Input Range Negative Typical Input Range Negative Full Scale Voltage Input +640 mV +320 mV +250 mV +200 mV 0 mV -200 mV -250 mV -320 mV
ANALOG INPUT
The differential analog input of the AD7401A is implemented with a switched capacitor circuit. This circuit implements a second-order modulator stage that digitizes the input signal into a 1-bit output stream. The sample clock (MCLKIN) provides the clock signal for the conversion process as well as the output data-framing clock. This clock source is external on the AD7401A. The analog input signal is continuously sampled by the modulator and compared to an internal voltage reference. A digital stream that accurately represents the analog input over time appears at the output of the converter (see Figure 21).
MODULATOR OUTPUT +FS ANALOG INPUT
To reconstruct the original information, this output needs to be digitally filtered and decimated. A sinc3 filter is recommended because this is one order higher than that of the AD7401A modulator. If a 256 decimation rate is used, the resulting 16-bit word rate is 62.5 kHz, assuming a 16 MHz external clock frequency. Figure 22 shows the transfer function of the AD7401A relative to the 16-bit output.
65535
53248
07332-021
-FS ANALOG INPUT ANALOG INPUT
Figure 21. Analog Input vs. Modulator Output
A differential signal of 0 V results (ideally) in a stream of alternating 1s and 0s at the MDAT output pin. This output is high 50% of the time and low 50% of the time. A differential input of 200 mV produces a stream of 1s and 0s that are high 81.25% of the time (for a +250 mV input, the output stream is high 89.06% of the time). A differential input of -200 mV produces a stream of 1s and 0s that are high 18.75% of the time (for a -250 mV input, the output stream is high 10.94% of the time).
ADC CODE
SPECIFIED RANGE
12288
0
07332-022
-320mV
-200mV ANALOG INPUT
+200mV +320mV
Figure 22. Filtered and Decimated 16-Bit Transfer Characteristic
ISOLATED 5V VDD1
NONISOLATED 5V/3V
AD7401A
- MOD/ ENCODER
VDD2
VDD
SINC3 FILTER*
DECODER MDAT MCLKIN MDAT
CS SCLK
+ INPUT CURRENT RSHUNT
VIN+ VIN-
MCLK SDAT
DECODER GND1
ENCODER GND2 GND *THIS FILTER IS IMPLEMENTED WITH AN FPGA OR DSP.
07332-023
Figure 23. Typical Application Circuit
Rev. 0 | Page 14 of 20
AD7401A
DIFFERENTIAL INPUTS
The analog input to the modulator is a switched capacitor design. The analog signal is converted into charge by highly linear sampling capacitors. A simplified equivalent circuit diagram of the analog input is shown in Figure 24. A signal source driving the analog input must be able to provide the charge onto the sampling capacitors every half MCLKIN cycle and settle to the required accuracy within the next half cycle.
A VIN+ 1k B 2pF 2pF
CURRENT SENSING APPLICATIONS
The AD7401A is ideally suited for current sensing applications where the voltage across a shunt resistor is monitored. The load current flowing through an external shunt resistor produces a voltage at the input terminals of the AD7401A. The AD7401A provides isolation between the analog input from the current sensing resistor and the digital outputs. By selecting the appropriate shunt resistor value, a variety of current ranges can be monitored.
Choosing RSHUNT
A
VIN-
1k
B
07332-024
MCLKIN
A B A B
Figure 24. Analog Input Equivalent Circuit
Because the AD7401A samples the differential voltage across its analog inputs, low noise performance is attained with an input circuit that provides low common-mode noise at each input. The amplifiers used to drive the analog inputs play a critical role in attaining the high performance available from the AD7401A. When a capacitive load is switched onto the output of an op amp, the amplitude momentarily drops. The op amp tries to correct the situation and, in the process, hits its slew rate limit. This nonlinear response, which can cause excessive ringing, can lead to distortion. To remedy the situation, a low-pass RC filter can be connected between the amplifier and the input to the AD7401A. The external capacitor at each input aids in supplying the current spikes created during the sampling process, and the resistor isolates the op amp from the transient nature of the load. The recommended circuit configuration for driving the differential inputs to achieve best performance is shown in Figure 25. A capacitor between the two input pins sources or sinks charge to allow most of the charge that is needed by one input to be effectively supplied by the other input. The series resistor again isolates any op amp from the current spikes created during the sampling process. Recommended values for the resistors and capacitor are 22 and 47 pF, respectively.
VIN+ R C VIN- R
The shunt resistor values used in conjunction with the AD7401A are determined by the specific application requirements in terms of voltage, current, and power. Small resistors minimize power dissipation, while low inductance resistors prevent any induced voltage spikes, and good tolerance devices reduce current variations. The final values chosen are a compromise between low power dissipation and good accuracy. Low value resistors have less power dissipated in them, but higher value resistors may be required to utilize the full input range of the ADC, thus achieving maximum SNR performance. When the peak sense current is known, the voltage range of the AD7401A (200 mV) is divided by the maximum sense current to yield a suitable shunt value. If the power dissipation in the shunt resistor is too large, the shunt resistor can be reduced and less of the ADC input range is used. Using less of the ADC input range results in performance that is more susceptible to noise and offset errors because offset errors are fixed and are thus more significant when smaller input ranges are used. RSHUNT must be able to dissipate the I2R power losses. If the power dissipation rating of the resistor is exceeded, its value may drift or the resistor may be damaged, resulting in an open circuit. This can result in a differential voltage across the terminals of the AD401A in excess of the absolute maximum ratings. If ISENSE has a large high frequency component, take care to choose a resistor with low inductance.
VOLTAGE SENSING APPLICATIONS
The AD7401A can also be used for isolated voltage monitoring. For example, in motor control applications, it can be used to sense bus voltage. In applications where the voltage being monitored exceeds the specified analog input range of the AD7401A, a voltage divider network can be used to reduce the voltage to be monitored to the required range.
AD7401A
07332-025
Figure 25. Differential Input RC Network
Rev. 0 | Page 15 of 20
AD7401A
DIGITAL FILTER
The overall system resolution and throughput rate is determined by the filter selected and the decimation rate used. The higher the decimation rate, the greater the system accuracy, as illustrated in Figure 26. However, there is a tradeoff between accuracy and throughput rate and, therefore, higher decimation rates result in lower throughput solutions. Note that for a given bandwidth requirement, a higher MCLKIN frequency can allow for higher decimation rates to be used, resulting in higher SNR performance.
90 SINC3 80 70 60 SINC2
/*Data is read on negative clk edge*/ module DEC256SINC24B(mdata1, mclk1, reset, DATA); input mclk1; input reset; input mdata1; filtered*/ output [15:0] DATA; integer location; integer info_file; reg [23:0] reg [23:0] reg [23:0] reg [23:0] reg [23:0] reg [23:0] reg [23:0] reg [23:0] reg [23:0] reg [23:0] reg [23:0] reg [15:0] reg [7:0] reg word_clk; reg init; /*Perform the Sinc ACTION*/ always @ (mdata1) if(mdata1==0) ip_data1 <= 0; to a -1 for 2's comp */ else ip_data1 <= 1; ip_data1; acc1; acc2; acc3; acc3_d1; acc3_d2; diff1; diff2; diff3; diff1_d; diff2_d; DATA; word_count; /*used to clk filter*/ /*used to reset filter*/ /*ip data to be /*filtered op*/
SNR (dB)
50 40 30 20 10
07332-026
SINC1
0
1
10
100 DECIMATION RATE
1k
Figure 26. SNR vs. Decimation Rate for Different Filter Types
A sinc3 filter is recommended for use with the AD7401A. This filter can be implemented on an FPGA or a DSP.
(1 - Z DR ) H (z ) = (1 - Z -1 )
3
/* change from a 0
where DR is the decimation rate. The following Verilog code provides an example of a sinc3 filter implementation on a Xilinx(R) Spartan-II 2.5 V FPGA. This code can possibly be compiled for another FPGA, such as an Altera(R) device. Note that the data is read on the negative clock edge in this case, although it can be read on the positive edge, if preferred.
/*ACCUMULATOR (INTEGRATOR) Perform the accumulation (IIR) at the speed of the modulator.
MCLKIN ACC1+ IP_DATA1 + Z + Z + ACC2+ Z
07332-027
ACC3+
Figure 27. Accumulator
Rev. 0 | Page 16 of 20
AD7401A
Z = one sample delay MCLKOUT = modulators conversion bit rate */ always @ (posedge mclk1 or posedge reset) if (reset) begin /*initialize acc registers on reset*/ acc1 <= 0; acc2 <= 0; acc3 <= 0; end else begin /*perform accumulation process*/ acc1 <= acc1 + ip_data1; acc2 <= acc2 + acc1; acc3 <= acc3 + acc2; end /*DECIMATION STAGE (MCLKOUT/ WORD_CLK) */ always @ (negedge mclk1 or posedge reset) if (reset) word_count <= 0; else word_count <= word_count + 1; always @ (word_count) word_clk <= word_count[7]; /*DIFFERENTIATOR ( including decimation stage) Perform the differentiation stage (FIR) at a lower speed.
DIFF1 DIFF2
Z = one sample delay WORD_CLK = output word rate */ always @ (posedge word_clk or posedge reset) if(reset) begin acc3_d2 <= 0; diff1_d <= 0; diff2_d <= 0; diff1 <= 0; diff2 <= 0; diff3 <= 0; end else begin diff1 <= acc3 - acc3_d2; diff2 <= diff1 - diff1_d; diff3 <= diff2 - diff2_d; acc3_d2 <= acc3; diff1_d <= diff1; diff2_d <= diff2; end /* Clock the Sinc output into an output register
WORD_CLK
07332-029
DIFF3
DATA
Figure 29. Clocking Sinc Output into an Output Register
ACC3 Z-1 WORD_CLK + - Z-1 + - Z-1
07332-028
+ -
DIFF3
WORD_CLK = output word rate */ always @ (posedge word_clk) begin DATA[15] DATA[14] DATA[13] DATA[12] DATA[11] DATA[10] DATA[9] DATA[8] DATA[7] DATA[6] DATA[5] DATA[4] DATA[3] DATA[2] DATA[1] DATA[0] <= <= <= <= <= <= <= <= <= <= <= <= <= <= <= <= diff3[23]; diff3[22]; diff3[21]; diff3[20]; diff3[19]; diff3[18]; diff3[17]; diff3[16]; diff3[15]; diff3[14]; diff3[13]; diff3[12]; diff3[11]; diff3[10]; diff3[9]; diff3[8];
Figure 28. Differentiator
end endmodule
Rev. 0 | Page 17 of 20
AD7401A APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
GROUNDING AND LAYOUT
Supply decoupling with a value of 100 nF is recommended on both VDD1 and VDD2. In applications involving high commonmode transients, care should be taken to ensure that board coupling across the isolation barrier is minimized. Furthermore, the board layout should be designed so that any coupling that occurs equally affects all pins on a given component side. Failure to ensure this may cause voltage differentials between pins to exceed the absolute maximum ratings of the device, thereby leading to latch-up or permanent damage. Any decoupling used should be placed as close to the supply pins as possible. Series resistance in the analog inputs should be minimized to avoid any distortion effects, especially at high temperatures. If possible, equalize the source impedance on each analog input to minimize offset. Beware of mismatch and thermocouple effects on the analog input PCB tracks to reduce offset drift. These tests subjected devices to continuous cross-isolation voltages. To accelerate the occurrence of failures, the selected test voltages were values exceeding those of normal use. The time-to-failure values of these units were recorded and used to calculate acceleration factors. These factors were then used to calculate the time-to-failure under normal operating conditions. The values shown in Table 7 are the lesser of the following two values: * * The value that ensures at least a 50-year lifetime of continuous use. The maximum CSA/VDE approved working voltage.
EVALUATING THE AD7401A PERFORMANCE
An AD7401A evaluation board is available with split ground planes and a board split beneath the AD7401A package to ensure isolation. This board allows access to each pin on the device for evaluation purposes. The evaluation board package includes a fully assembled and tested evaluation board, documentation, and software for controlling the board from the PC via the EVAL-CED1Z. The software also includes a sinc3 filter implemented on an FPGA. The evaluation board is used in conjunction with the EVALCED1Z board and can also be used as a standalone board. The software allows the user to perform ac (fast Fourier transform) and dc (histogram of codes) tests on the AD7401A. The software and documentation are on a CD that is shipped with the evaluation board.
It should also be noted that the lifetime of the AD7401A varies according to the waveform type imposed across the isolation barrier. The iCoupler insulation structure is stressed differently depending on whether the waveform is bipolar ac, unipolar ac, or dc. Figure 30, Figure 31, and Figure 32 illustrate the different isolation voltage waveforms.
RATED PEAK VOLTAGE
07332-030
0V
Figure 30. Bipolar AC Waveform
RATED PEAK VOLTAGE
0V
Figure 31. Unipolar AC Waveform
RATED PEAK VOLTAGE
INSULATION LIFETIME
All insulation structures, subjected to sufficient time and/or voltage, are vulnerable to breakdown. In addition to the testing performed by the regulatory agencies, Analog Devices has carried out an extensive set of evaluations to determine the lifetime of the insulation structure within the AD7401A.
0V
Figure 32. DC Waveform
Rev. 0 | Page 18 of 20
07332-032
07332-031
AD7401A OUTLINE DIMENSIONS
10.50 (0.4134) 10.10 (0.3976)
16
9
7.60 (0.2992) 7.40 (0.2913)
1 8
10.65 (0.4193) 10.00 (0.3937)
1.27 (0.0500) BSC 0.30 (0.0118) 0.10 (0.0039) COPLANARITY 0.10 0.51 (0.0201) 0.31 (0.0122)
2.65 (0.1043) 2.35 (0.0925)
0.75 (0.0295) 0.25 (0.0098)
8 0 0.33 (0.0130) 0.20 (0.0079)
45
SEATING PLANE
1.27 (0.0500) 0.40 (0.0157)
COMPLIANT TO JEDEC STANDARDS MS-013- AA CONTROLLING DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS; INCH DIMENSIONS (IN PARENTHESES) ARE ROUNDED-OFF MILLIMETER EQUIVALENTS FOR REFERENCE ONLY AND ARE NOT APPROPRIATE FOR USE IN DESIGN.
Figure 33. 16-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_W] Wide Body (RW-16) Dimensions shown in millimeters and (inches)
ORDERING GUIDE
Model AD7401AYRWZ 1 AD7401AYRWZ-RL1 EVAL-AD7401AEDZ1 EVAL-CED1Z1
1
Temperature Range -40C to +125C -40C to +125C
Package Description 16-Lead Standard Small Outline Package (SOIC_W) 16-Lead Standard Small Outline Package (SOIC_W) Evaluation Board Development Board
032707-B
Package Option RW-16 RW-16
Z = RoHS Compliant Part.
Rev. 0 | Page 19 of 20
AD7401A NOTES
(c)2008 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners. D07332-0-7/08(0)
Rev. 0 | Page 20 of 20

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