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Catalog Number 276-1784
AN EXCLUSIVE RADIO SHACK SERVICE TO THE EXPERIMENTER
SPO256 NARRATORTM SPEECH PROCESSOR
Features
RADIO SHACK, A DIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION U.S.A.: FORT WORTH, TEXAS 76102 CANADA: BARRIE, ONTARIO L4M 4W5 TANDY CORPORATION
AUSTRALIA 91 KURRAJONG ROAD MOUNT DRUITT, N S W 2770 BELGIUM PARC INDUSTRIEL DE NANINNE 5140 NANINNE UK BILSTON ROAD WEDNESBURY WEST MIDLANDS WS10 7JN
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Printed in USA
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Natural Speech Stand Alone Operation with Inexpensive Support Components Wide Operating Voltage Word, Phrase, or Sentence Library, ROM Expandable Expandable to 491 K of ROM Directly Simple Interface to Most Microcomputers or Microprocessors Supports L.P.C. Synthesis: Formant Synthesis: Allophone Synthesis
Generel Description
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m o c
The SPO256 (Speech Processor) is a single chip N-Channel MOS LSI device that is able, using its stored program, to synthesize speech or complex sounds.
PIN
CONFIGURATION
The achievable output is equivalent to a flat frequency response ranging from 0 to 5 kHz, a dynamic range of 42dB, and a signal to noise ratio of approximately 35dB. The SP0256 incorporates four basic functions: A software programable digital filter that can be made to model a VOCAL TRACT. A 16K ROM which stores both data and Instructions (THE PROGRAM). A MICROCONTROLLER which controls the data flow from the ROM to the digital filter, the assembly of the "word strings" necessary for linking speech elements together, and the amplitude and pitch information to excite the digital filter. A PULSE WIDTH MODULATOR that creates A digital output which is con-
verted to an analog signal when filtered by an external low pass filter.
Allophone Based Speech Processor
- SPO256-AL2 One example of a preprogramed SPO256 is the AL2 pattern.
Allophone Usage with a Microprocessor
The SPO256-AL2 requires the use of a processor to concatenate the speech sounds to form words. The SPO256 is controlled using the address pins (A1-A8), ALD (Address Load), and SE (Strobe Enable). The object for controlling the chip is to load an address into It which contains the desired allophone. The speech data for the allophone set is contained within the internal 16K ROM of the SPO256-AL2.
CUSTOM PACKAGED IN U.S.A. BY RADIO SHACK A DIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION
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This particular application (Allophone Set) requires only six address Pins (A1-A6) to address all the 69 allophones plus five pauses, a total of 64 locations. For simplicity, since only six address pins are needed to address the 64 locations, pins A7 and A8 can be tied low (to ground) and now any further references to the address bus will Include A1-A6 end A7=A8=0 There are two modes available for loading an address into the chip. SE (Strobe Enable) controls the mode that will be used. Mode 0 (SE=0) will latch is an address when any one or more of the address pins makes a low to high transition. For example, to load the address one (1), A2 to A6=0 and A1 is pulsed high. To load the address twelve (12 octal), A1=A3=A5=A6=0, A2 and A4 are pulsed high simultaneously. (Note that an address of zero cannot be loaded using this mode). Mode 1 (SE=1) will latch in an address using the ALD pln. First, setup the desired address on the address bus (A1-A6) and then
low. Any address can be loaded using this mode, but certain setup and hold times are then pulse ALD required (refer to the attached timing diagram for the specific times). Two microprocessor interface pins are available for quick loading of addresses. They are LRQ and SBY. LRQ (Load Request) tells the processor when the input buffer is full. SBY (Stand By) tells the processor that the chip has stopped talking and no new address has been loaded. Either interface pin can be used when concatenating allophones. LRQ is an active low signal, when LRQ goes low it is time to load a new address to the chip. If LRQ is high, then simply wait for It to go low before loading the address. SBY will stay high until an address is loaded, then it will go low and stay low until all the internal instructions (Speech Code) from that one address are completed. Once this signal goes high, It is time to load a new address. Since speech does not require very fast address loading, it would be acceptable to use SBY to interface to the processor.
To end a word using allophones it is necessary to load a pause to complete the word. For example, the word "TWO"
thenistosimo
can be implemented using the following allophones, TT2-VW2-PA1. PA1 is actually not an allophone but a pause which is needed to end the word.
*Exceeding these ratings could cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only and functional operation of this device at these conditions is not im-plied. Operating ranges are specified in Standard Condi-tions. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. Data labeled "typical" is presented for design guidance only and is not guaranteed Max Units Conditions
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS Maximum Ratings* All pins with respect to Vss.........-0.3 to 8.0V Storage Temperature.............-25C to 125C Standard Conditions Clock - Crystal Frequency ............3.120 MHz Operating Temperature (Ta).......0C to 70C DC CHARACTERlSTlCS/SPO 256
Characteristic Sym Min Typ
Supply Voltage
VDD VD1
4.6 4.6
7.0 7.0
V V
Supply Current
IDD
90
mA
TA = 25C, VD1 , VDD = 7.0V Reset & SBY Reset high. All outputs floating.
ID1
21
mA
Same as above.
INPUTS
A1-A8, ALD, SERIN, TEST, SE
SPO256 BLOCK DIAGRAM
C1 C2 C3 SER OUT ALU SOURCE AND INTERPOLATION (5 REGISTERS) 8 BITS
LOGIC 0 LOGIC 1
VIL VIH CIN IL
0.0 2.4
0.6 VD1 10 +10
V V pF a 0 Volts bias, f = 3.12 MHz VPIN = 7.0V Other Pins = 0.0V
EXTERNAL ROM CONTROL
ROM DISABLE ROM CLOCK SERIAL COEFFICIENT TRANSFER
CAPACITANCE LEAKAGE RESET, SBY RESET LOGIC 0 LOGIC 1 OUTPUTS
SBY, Digital Out, C1, C2, C3,
12 HOLDING REGISTERS (COEFFICIENTS) 8 BITS
VIL VIH
0.0 3.6
0.6 VD1
V V
SER IN
DATA
VOCAL TRACT MODEL (12 POLE DIGITAL FILTER)
7 BITS 2K x 8 BIT ROM PULSE WIDTH MODULATOR DIGITAL OUT
LRQ, ROM DIS, ROM CLK, SEROUT
ADDRESS REGISTER
OSC
OSC 2 OSC 1
LOGIC 0 LOGIC 1
VOL VOH
0.0 2.5
0.6 VD1
V V
I OL = 0.72ma (2LS TTL Loads) I OH = -50 a (2LS TTL Loads)
START ADDRESS LATCH
HANDSHAKE CONTROL
OSCILLATOR OSC 2 (Output)
When driven from external source.
ALD SE LRQ SBY A8 8 BIT ADDRESS A1 SBY RESET
V D1
LOGIC 0 LOGIC 1
VOL VOH
0.0 2.5
0.6 VD1
V V
OSC 1 (Input) = 3.90 V MIN OSC 1 (Input) = 0.60 V MAX
2 3
PIN FUNCTIONS
PIN NUMBER 1
Pin Functions FUNCTION Ground A logic 0 resets that portion of the SP powered by VDD. Must be returned to a logic 1 for normal operation. For use with an external serial speech ROM, a logic 1 disables the external ROM. Output control lines for use with an external serial speech ROM. Refer to the SPR016 Data Sheet for details. Power supply for all portions of the SP except the microprocessor interface logic. 26
Continued NAME
TEST
NAME "ss RESET
I
PIN NUMBER
22
FUNCTION
This pin should be grounded for normal operation. Power supply for the microprocessor interface logic and controller. Pulse width modulated digital speech output which, when filtered by a 5KHz low pass filter and amplified, will drive a loudspeaker. STANDBY RESET. A logic 0 resets the microprocessor interface logic and the address latches. Must be returned to a logic 1 for normal operation. This is a 1.56MHz clock output used to drive an external serial speech ROM. XTAL IN. Input connection for a 3.12MHz crystal. XTAL OUT. Output connection for a 3.12MHz crystal.
1 2
3
ROM DISABLE
I I
I
23
VD1
24
DIGITAL OUT
4, 5,6
Cl, C2, C3
25 4
SBY RESET
7
VDD SBY
ROM CLOCK
8
STANDBY. A logic 1 output Indicates that the SP is inactive and VDD can be powered down externally to conserve power. When the SP is reactivated by an address being loaded, SBY will go to a logic 0. LOAD REQUEST. LRQ is a logic 1 output whenever the input buffer is full. When LRQ goes to a logic 0, the input port may be loaded by placing the 8 address bits on A1-A8 and pulsing the ALD output. 8 bit address which defines any one of 256 speech entry points. SERIAL ADDRESS OUT. This output transfers a 16-bit address serially to an external speech ROM. , STROBE ENABLE. Normally held in a logic 1 state. When tied to ground, ALD Is disabled and the SP will automatically latch in the address on the input bus approximately lus after detecting a logic 1 on any address line. ADDRESS LOAD. A negative pulse on this input loads the 8 address bits into the input port. The negative edge of this pulse causes LRQ to go high. SERIAL IN. This is an E-bit serial data input from an external speech ROM.
I
27
OSC1
B
LRQ
I
28
OSC2
ALLOPHONE SPEECH SYNTHESIS
Introduction
The allophone speech synthesis technique provides the user with the ability to synthesize an unlimited vocabulary at a very low bit rate. Fifty-nine discrete speech sounds (called allophones) are five pauses are stored at different addresses in the SPO256 internal ROM. Each speech sound was excised from a word and analyzed using linear predictive coding (LPC). Any English word or phrase can be created by addressing the appropriate combination of allophones and pauses. Since there Is a total of 64 address locations each requires a 6 bit address. Assuming that speech contains 10 to 12 sounds per second, allophone synthesis requires addressing less than 100 bits per second.
10,11,13,14 15,16,17,18 12
A 8 , A7, A6, A5, A4. A3. A2. A 1 SER OUT
19
SE
l
A few basic linguistic concepts will help you start your own library of "allophone words". (See Table 1 for the General Instrument Allophone Dictionary). First, there is no one-to-one correspondence between written letters and speech sounds; secondly, speech sounds are acoustically different depending upon their position within a word; and lastly, the human ear may perceive the same acoustic signal differently in the context of different sounds. The first point compares to the problem that a child encounters when learning to read. Each sound in a language may be represented by more than one letter and, conversely each letter may represent more than one sound. (See the examples in Table 2.) Because of these spelling irregularities, it is necessary to think in terms of sounds, not letters, when using allophones. 7
20
ALD
21
SER IN
The second, and equally important, point to understand, is that the acoustic signal of a speech sound may differ depending upon its position within a word. For example, the initial K sound in coop will be acoustically different from the K's in keep and speak. The K's in coop and keep differ due to the influence of the vowels which follow them, and the final K in speak is usually not as loud as initial K'S. Finally, a listener may identify the same acoustic signal differently depending on the context in which it is perceived. Don't be surprised, therefore, if an allophone word sounds slightly different when used in various phrases. Phonemes Of English The sounds of a language are called phonemes, and each language has a set which is slightly different from that of other languages. Table 3 contains a chart of all the consonant phonemes of English, Table 4 all the vowel phonemes. Consonants are produced by creating an occlusion or constriction in the vocal tract which produces an aperiodic sound source. If the vocal cords are vibrating at the same time, as in the case of the voiced fricatives VV, DH, ZZ, and ZH, (See Table 5) there are two sound sources: one which is aperiodic and one which is periodic. Vowels are usually produced with a relatively open vocal tract and a periodic sound source provided by the vibrating vocal cords. They are classified according to whether the front or back of the tongue is high or low (See Table 4), whether they are long or short, and whether the lips are rounded or unrounded. In English all rounded vowels are produced in or near the back of the mouth (UW, UH, OW, AO, OR, AW). Speech sounds which have features in common behave in similar ways. For example, the voiceless stop consonants PP, TT, and KK (See Table 3) should be preceded by 50-80 msec of silence, and the voiced stop consonants BB, DD, and GG by 10-30 msec of silence. 8
Allophones Phoneme is the name given to a group of similar sounds in a language. Recall that a phoneme is acoustically different depending upon its position within a word. Each of these positional variants is an allophone of the same phoneme. An allophone, therefore, is the manifestation of a phoneme in true speech signal. It is for this reason that our inventory of English speech sounds is called an allophone set. How To Use The Allophone Set (See Table 1 for instructions on how to create all the sample words mentioned in this section.) The allophone set (Refer to Table 5) contains two or three versions of some phonemes. It may be necessary to use one allophone of a particular phoneme for word-or-syllable-final position, A detailed set of guidelines for using the allophones is given in Table 5. Note that these are suggestions, not rules. For example, DD2 sounds good in initial position and DD1 sounds good in final position, as in "daughter" and "collide". One of the differences between the initial and final versions of a consonant is that an initial version may be longer than the final version. Therefore, to create an initial SS, you can use two SSs instead of the usual single SS at the end of a word or syllable, as in "sister". Note that this can be done with TH, and FF, and the inherently short vowels (to be discussed below), but with no other consonants. You will want to experiment with some consonants such as str, cl) to discover which version works best in the cluster. For example, KK1 sounds good before LL as in "clown", and KK2 sounds good before WW as in "square". One allophone of a particular phoneme may sound better before or after back vowels and another before or after front vowels. KK3 sounds good before UH and KK1 sounds good before IY, as in "cookie", Some sounds (PP, BB, TT, DD. KK, GG, CH, and JH) require a brief duration of silence before them. For most of these, the silence has already been added but you may decide you want to add more. Therefore there are several pauses included in the allophone
set varying from 10-200 msec. To create the final sounds in the words "letter" and "little" use the allophones ER and EL. Remember that you must always think about how a word sounds, not how it is spelled. For example, the NG sound is represented by the letter N in "uncle", And remember that some sounds may not even be represented in words by any letters, as the YY in "computer". As mentioned earlier there are some vowels which can be doubled to make longer versions for stressed syllables. These are the inherently short vowels IH, EH, AE, AX, AA, and UH. For example, in the word "extent" use one EH in the first syllable, which is unstressed and two EHs in the second syllable which is stressed. Of the inherently long vowels there is one, UW, which has a long and short version.
The short one, UW1, sounds good after YY in computer. The long version, UW2, sounds good in mono-syllabic words like "two". Included in the vowel set is a group called R-colored vowels. These are vowel + R combinations. For example, the AR in "alarm" and the OR in "score". Of the Rcolored vowels there is one, ER, which has a long and short version. The short version is good for polysyllabic words with final ER sounds like "letter", and the long version is good for monosyllabic words like "fir". One final suggestion is that you may want to add a pause of 30-50 msec between words, when creating sentences, and a pause of 100-200 msec between clauses.
Note: Every utterance must be followed by a pause in order to make the chip stop talking the last allophone.
Table 1: NUMBERS:
zero one, won two, to, too three four, for, fore five six seven eight, ate nine ten eleven ZZ YR OW WW SX AX NN1 TT2 UW2 TH RR1 IY FF FF OR FF FF AY VV SS SS IH IH PA3 KK2 SS SS SS EH EH VV IH NN1 EY PA3 TT2 NN1 A A A Y NN1 TT2 EH EH NN1 IH LL EH EH VV IH NN1 TT2 WH EH EH LL VV TH ER1 PA2 PA3 TT2 IY NN1 FF OR PA2 PA3 TT2 IY NN1 FF IH FF PA2 PA3 TT2 IY NN1 SS SS IH PA3 KK2 SS PA2 PA3 TT2 IY NN1 seventeen SS SS EH VV TH NN1 PA2 PA3 TT2 IY NN1 EY PA2 PA3 TT2 IY NN1 NN1 AY NN1 PA2 PA3 TT2 IY NN1 TT2 WH EH EH NN1 PA2 PA3 TT2 IY TH ER2 PA2 PA3 TT2 IY FF OR PA3 TT2 IY FF FF IH FF FF PA2 PA3 TT2 IY SS SS IH PA3 KK2 SS PA2 PA3 TT2 IY SS SS EH VV IH NN1 PA2 PA3 TT2 IY EY PA3 TT2 IY NN1 AY NN1 PA3 TT2 IY HH2 AX AX NN1 PA2 DD2 RR2 IH IH PA1 DD1 TH AA AW ZZ TH PA1 PA1 NN1 DD1 MM IH IH LL YY1 AX NN1 9
eighteen nineteen twenty thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety hundred
thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen
thousand million
Table 1 Continued DAY OF THE WEEK:
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday SS SS AX AX NN1 PA2 DD2 EY M M AX AX NN1 PA2 DD2 EY TT2 UW2 ZZ P A 2 DD2 EY WW EH EH NN1 Z Z PA2 DD2 EY TH ER2 ZZ P A 2 DD2 E Y FF RR2 AY PA2 DD2 EY SS SS AE PA3 TT2 PA2 DD2 EY KK1 EH EY EH EH EL EH EH MM EH EH NNl ow PP IY KK1 YY1 UW2 AR EH EH SS SS TT2 IY YY1 U W 2 VV IY DD2 AX PA2 BB2 EL YY1 UW2 EH EH PA3 KK2 SS SS WW AY ZZ IY coop correct corrected correcting corrects crown date daughter KK3 UW2 PA3 PP KK1 ER2 EH E H PA2 KK2 PA2 TT1 KK1 ER2 EH EH PA2 KK2 PA2 TT2 IH PA2 DDl KKl ER2 EH EH PA2 KK2 PA2 TT2 IH NG KK1 ER2 EH E H PA2 KK2 PA2 TT1 ss KK1 RR2 AW NN1 DD2 EY PA3 TT2 DD2 A0 TT2 ER1 DD2 EH EY DD2 IH VV AY PA2 DD2 IH PA2 DD1 IY MM OW SH AX NN1 AX EL EH EH PA1 NN1 GG1 EY PA2 JH EH EH PA1 NN1 GG1 EY PA2 JH MM EH EH NN1 PA2 PA3 TT2 EH EH PA1 NN1 GG1 EY PA2 JH IH zz EH EH PA1 NN1 GG1 EY PA2 JH IH NG E H NN1 RR1 E Y PA2 JH E H NN1 RR1 E Y PA2 JH PA2 DD1 EH NN1 RR1 E Y PA2 JH IH ZZ EH NN1 RR1 EY PA2 JH IH NG EH SS SS PA3 KK1 PA2 PA3 PP EH SS SS PA3 KK1 PA2 PA3 PP PA2 TT2 EH SS SS PA3 KK1 PA2 PA3 PP SS EH SS SS PA3 KK1 PA2 PA3 PP IH NG I Y PA2 PA3 KK3 WH AX EL IY PA2 PA3 KK3 WH AX EL Z Z EH XR OR EH KK1 SS TT2 EH EH NN1 TT2 fir freeze freezer freezers freezing frozen gauge guaged guager guaging hello hour infinitive intrigue intrigued intrigues intriguing investigate FF ER2 FF FF RR1 FF FF RR1 ER1 FF FF RR1 ER1 Z Z FF FF RR1 IH NG FF FF RR1 EH NN1 IY Z Z IY ZZ IY ZZ IY ZZ OW ZZ JH JH JH JH
S T U V W X Y Z
day
divided emational
GG1 EY PA2 GG1 EY PA2 PA2 DD1 GG1 EY PA2 IH Z Z GG1 EY PA2 IH NG
MONTHS:
January February March April JH AE AE NN1 YY2 XR 1Y FF EH EH PA1 BR RR2 uw2 XR IY MM AR PA3 CH EY PA3 PP RR2 IH IH LL MM EY J H UW2 NN1 J H UW1 LL A Y AO AO PA2 GG2 AX SS PA3 TT1 SS SS EH PA3 PP PA3 TT2 EH EH PA1 BB2 ER1 AA PA2 KK2 PA3 TT2 OW PA1 BB2 ER1 NN2 OW VV EH EH MM PA1 BB2 ER1 882 DD2 IY SS SS EH EH MM PA1 BB2 ER1
DICTIONARY:
engage alarm bathe bather bathing beer bread AX LL AR MM BB2 EY DH2 BB2 E Y DH2 ER1 BB2 EY DH2 IH NG BB2 YR BB1 RR2 EH EH PA1 DD1 BB2 AA AY KK1 AE AE LL E H NN1 PA2 DD2 ER1 KK1 LL AA AA PA3 KK2 KK1 LL A W NN1 CH EH EH PA3 KK2 CH EH EH PA3 KK2 PA2 TT2 CH EH EH PA3 KK1 ER1 CH EH EH PA3 KK1 ER1 ZZ CH EH EH PA3 KK1 IH NG CH EH EH PA3 KK1 SS KK3 AA AA GG3 NN1 IH PA3 TT2 IH VV KK3 AX LL AY DD1 KK1 AX MM PP1 YY1 UW1 TT2 E R K K 3 U H KK1 IY engagement
HH EH LL AX OW AW ER1 IH NN1 FF FF IH IH NN1 IH PA2 PA3 TT2 IH VV IN NN1 PA3 TT2 RR2 IY PA1 GG3 IH NN1 P A 3 TT2 RR2 IY PA1 GG3 PA2 DD1 IH NN1 PA3 T-l-2 RR2 IY PA1 GG3 zz IH NN1 PA3 TT2 RR2 IY PA1 GG3 IH N G I H IH NN1 V V E H EH SS PA2 PA3 TT2 IH PA1 GG1 EY PA2 TT2 IH IH NN1 V V E H EH SS PA2 PA3 TT2 IH PA1 GG1 EY PA2 TT2 IH PA2 DD1 IH IH NN1 VV EH EH SS PA2 PA3 TT2 IH PA1 GG1 EY PA2 TT2 ER1 IH IH NN1 VV EH EH SS PA2 PA3 TT2 IH PA1 GG1 EY PA2 TT2 ER1 zz IH IH NN1 VV EH EH SS PA2 PA3 TT2 IH PA1 GG1 EY PA2 TT1 SS 11
May
June July August September October November December
engages engaging enrage enraged enrages
by
calendar clock check checked checker checkers checking
Investigated
escape escaped
LETTERS:
A B C D E F G H : 10 EY BB2 IY SS SS IY DD2 IY IY EH EH FF FF JH IY EY PA2 PA3 CH AA AY JH EH EY
Investigator
checks cognitive collide computer cookie
escaping
investigators
equals error extent
investigates
Table 1 Continued
investigating IH IH NN1 VV EH EH SS PA2 PA3 TT2 IH PA1 GG1 EY PA2 TT2 IH NG KK1 I Y LL EH EH PA2 JH JH SS SS LL EY PA2 PA3 TT2 LL EH EH PA2 JH JH SS SS LL EY PA2 PA3 TT2 IH DD1 LL EH EH PA2 JH JH SS SS LL EY PA2 PA3 TT1 SS LL EH EH PA2 JH JH SS SS LL EY PA2 PA3 TT2 IH NG LL EH EH PA2 JH JH SS SS LL EY PA2 PA3 CH ER1 LL EH EH PA3 TT2 ER1 LL IH IH PA3 TT2 ER1 LL IH IH PA3 TT2 EL MM EH EH MM ER2 I Y MM EH EH MM ER2 IY ZZ M M 1H NN1 IH PA3 TT2 M M A X NN1 T H NN1 IH IH PA2 PA3 PP NN1 IH IH PA2 PA3 PP PA3 TT2 NN1 IH I H P A 2 PA3 PP IH NG NN1 IH IH PA2 PA3 PP SS NN2 AX OW FF FF IH ZZ IH PA3 KK1 AX EL PP IH IH NN1 PP IH IH NN1 PA2 DD1 P P I H I H NN1 IH NG1 PP IH IH NN1 ZZ PP LL EH EH PA3 JH PP LL EH EH PA3 JH PA2 DD1 PP LL EH EH PA3 JH IH ZZ pledging plus ray rays ready red robot robots score second sensitive sensitivity PP LL EH EH PA3 JH IH NG PP LL AX AX SS SS RR1 EH EY RR1 EH EY ZZ R R 1 EH EH PA1 DD2 IY RR1 EH FH PA1 DD1 RR1 OW PA2 BB2 AA PA3 T T 2 RR1 OW PA2 BB2 AA PA3 TT1 SS SS SS PA3 KK3 OR SS SS EH PA3 KK1 IH NN1 PA2 DD1 SS SS EH EH NN1 SS SS IH PA2 PA3 TT2 IH VV SS SS EH EH NN1 SS SS IH PA2 PA3 TT2 IH VV IH PA2 PA3 TT2 IY SS SS IH IH NN1 SS SS YR SS SS IH IH NN1 SS SS YR LL IY SS SS IH IH NN1 SS SS EH EH RR1 IH PA2 PA3 TT2 IY SS SS IH IH SS PA3 TT2 ER1 SS SS PA3 IY PA3 KK2 SS SS PA3 PP EH EH EL SS SS PA3 PP EH EH EL PA3 DD1 SS SS PA3 PP EH EH EL ER2 SS SS PA3 PP EH EH EL ER2 ZZ SS SS PA3 PP EH EH EL IH NG SS SS PA3 PP EH EH EL ZZ SS SS PA3 TT2 AR PA3 TT2 SS SS PA3 TT2 AR PA3 T T 2 IH PA1 DD2 SS SS PA3 TT2 AR
P A 3 TT2 ER1
starting starts stop stopped stopper stopping stops subject (noun) subject (verb) sweat sweated sweater sweaters sweating sweats switch switched switches switching system systems talk talked talker talkers talking talks
key legislate legislated legislates legislating legislature letter litter little memory memories minute month nip nipped nipping nips no physical pin pinned pinning pins pledge pledged pledges
sincere sincerely sincerity sister speak spell spelled speller spellers spelling spells start started starter
SS SS PP3 TT2 AR PA3 TT2 IH NC SS SS PP3 TT2 AR PA3 TT1 SS SS SS PA3 TT1 AA 1 AA PA3 PP SS SS PA3 TT1 AA AA PA3 PP PA3 TT2 SS SS PA3 TT1 AA AA PA3 PP ER1 SS SS PA3 TT1 AA AA PA3 PP IH NG SS SS PA3 TT1 AA AA PA3 PP SS SS SS AX AX PA2 BB1 PA2 JH EH PA3 KK2 PA3 TT2 SS SS AX PA2 BB1 PA2 JH EH EH PA3 KK2 PA3 TT2 SS SS WW EH EH PA3 TT2 SS SS WW EH EH PA3 TT2 IH PA3 DD1 SS SS WW EH EH PA3 TT2 ER1 SS SS WW EH EH PA3 TT2 ER1 Z Z SS SS WW EH EH PA3 TT2 IH NG SS SS WW EH EH PA3 TT2 SS SS SS WH IH IH PA3 CH SS SS WH IH IH PA3 CH PA3 TT2 SS SS WH IH I H
P A 3 C H I H ZZ2 SS SS WH IH IH PA3 CH IH NG2 SS SS IH IH S S SS PA3 TT2 EH MM SS SS IH IH SS SS PA3 TT2 EH MM Z Z
thread threaded
threader threaders threading threads then time times uncle whale whaler whalers whales whaling year yes
T H RR1 E H E H P A 2 DD1 T H RR1 EH EH PA2 DD2 IH PA2 DD1 TH RR1 EH EH PA2 DD2 ER1 TH RR1 EH E H PA2 DD2 ER1 Z Z TH RR1 EH EH P A 2 DD2 IH NG T H RR1 EH E H PA2 DD2 Z Z DH1 E H E H NN1 TT2 AA AY MM TT2 A A A Y M M Z Z AX NG PA3 KK3 EL WW WW WW WW WW EY EL E Y L L ER1 E Y L L ER1 ZZ EY EL Z Z EY LL TH NG
YY2 YR YY2 EH EH SS SS
TABLE 2 - EXAMPLES OF SPELLING IRREGULARTIES
Same sound represented by different letters Vowels
mEAt fEEt pEte pEOple pennY
Different sounds represented by the same letters
vEIn forEIgn dEIsm dEIcer gEIsha
TT2 AO AO PA2 KK2
T T 2 AO AO P A 3 KK2 PA3 TT2 TT2 AO AO P A 3 KK1 ER1 T T 2 AO AO P A 3 KK1 ER1 ZZ TT2 AO AO PA3 KK1 I H N G T T 2 AO AO P A 2
Consonants SHip tenSIon preCIous
althouGH GHastly
COUG H
KK2 SS
naTIon
hiccouGH
13
12
TABLE 3 - CONSONANT PHONEMES OF ENGLISH**
TABLE 4 - VOWEL PHONEMES OF ENGLISH
LABIOLABIAL
INTER-
ALVEOLAR PALATAL VELAR GLOTTAL
DENTAL DENTAL
FRONT
CENTRAL
BACK
High Stops: Voiceless Voiced PP BB TT DD KK GG
YR IY IH* UW# UH*#
Mid Fricatives: Voiceless Voiced WH FF VV TH DH SS ZZ SH ZH* Low HH
EY EH* XR
ER AX*
OW# OY#
AE*
AW# AY
AO*# OR#
Affricates:
Voiceless Voiced
CH JH * Short Vowels # Rounded Vowels
AR AA*
Nasals
Voiced
MM
NN
NG*
Resonants
Voiced
WW
RR,LL
YY
*These do not occur in word-initial position in English.
Labial : Labio-Dental: Inter-Dental: Alveolar: Upper and Lower Lips Touch or Approximate Upper Teeth and Lower Lip Touch Tongue Between Teeth Tip of Tongue Touches or Approximates Alveolar Ridge (just behind upper teeth) Palatal: Body of Tongue Approximates Palate (roof of mouth) Body of Tongue Touches Velum (posterior portion of roof of mouth) Glottis (opening between vocal cords)
Velar:
Glottal:
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TABLE 5 - GUIDELINES FOR USEING THE ALLOPHONES
Silence PA1 PA2 PA3 ( 10 ms) - before BB, DD, GG, and JH ( 30 ms) - before BB, DD, GG, and JH ( 50 ms) - before PP, TT, KK, and CH, and between words (100 ms) - between clauses and sentences (200 ms) - between clauses and sentences Resonants /WW/ /RR1/ /RR2/ /LL/ /YY1/ /YY2/ - we, warrant, linguist - initial position: read, write, x-ray - initial clusters: brown, crane, grease - like, hello, steel - clusters: cute, beauty, computer - initial position: yes, yarn, yo-yo Voiceless Stops /PP/ /TT1/ /TT2/ /KK1/ - pleasure, ample, trip - final clusters before SS: tests its - all other positions: test, street - before front vowels: YR, IY, IH, EY, EH, XR, AY, AE, ER, AX; initial clusters: cute, clown, scream - final position: speak; final clusters: task - before back vowels: UW, UH, OW, OY, OR, AR, AO; initial clusters: crane, quick, clown, scream Affricates /CH/ /JH/ Nasal /MM/ /NN1/ - milk, alarm, ample - before front and central vowels: YR, IY, IH, EY, EH, XR, AE, ER, AX, AW, AY, UW; final clusters: earn - before back vowels: UH, OW, OY, OR, AR, AA - string, anger - church, feature - judge, injure
PA4 PA5
/KK2/ /KK3/
/NN2/ /NG/
Voiced Fricatives /VV/ /DH1/ /DH2/ /ZZ/ /ZH/ - vest, prove, even - word-initial position: this, then, they - word-final and between vowels: bathe, bathing - zoo, phase - beige, pleasure
Short Vowels */IH/ */EH/ */AE/ */UH/ */AO/ */AX/ */AA/ - sitting, stranded - extent, gentlemen - extract, acting - cookie, full - talking, song - lapel, instruct - pottery, cotton
* These allophones can be doubled.
Voiceless Fricatives */FF/ -) These may be doubled for initial position and used singly in final position
Long Vowels /IY/ /EY/ /AY/ /OY/ /UW1/ /UW2/ /OW/ /AW/ /EL/ - treat, people, penny - great, statement, tray - kite, sky, mighty - noise, toy, voice - after clusters with YY: computer - in monosyllabic words: two, food - zone, close, snow - sound, mouse, down - little, angle, gentlemen
*/TH/ */SS/ /SH/ /HH1/ /HH2/ /WH/
-) -) - shirt, leash, nation - before front vowels: YR, IY, IH, EY, EH, XR, AE - before back vowels: UW, UH, OW, OY, AO, OR, AR - white, whim, twenty
Voiced Stops /BB1/ - final position: rib; between vowels: fibber, in clusters: bleed, brown - initial position before a vowel: beast - final position: played, end - initial position: down; clusters: drain - before high front vowels: YR, IY, IH, EY, EH, XR - before high back vowels: UW, UH, OW, OY, AX; and clusters: green, glue - before low vowels: AE, AW, AY, AR, AA, AO, OR, ER; and medial clusters: anger; and final position: peg
/BB2/ R-Colored Vowels /ER1/ /ER2/ /OR/ /AR/ /YR/ /XR/ 16 - letter, furniture, interrupt - monosyllables: bird, fern, burn - fortune, adorn, store - farm, alarm, garment - hear, earring, irresponsible - hair, declare, stare /DD1/ /DD2/ /GG1/ /GG2/
/GG3/
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TABLE 6 - ALLOPHONE ADDRESS TABLE
HEX ADD OCTAL ADDRESS ALLOPHONE SAMPLE WORD DURATION HEX ADD OCTAL ADDRESS ALLOPHONE SAMPLE WORD DURATION
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1F
000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 020 021 022 023 024 025 026 027 030 031 032 033 034 035 036 037
PA1 PA2 PA3 PA4 PA5 /OY/ /AY/ /EH/ /KK3/ /PP/ /JH/ /NN1/ /IH/ /TT2/ /RR1/ /AX/ /MM/ /TT1/ /DH1/ /IY/ /EY/ /DD1/ /UW1/ /AO/ /AA/ /YY2/ /AE/ /HH1/ /BB1/ /TH/ /UH/ /UW2/
PAUSE PAUSE PAUSE PAUSE PAUSE BOY Sky End Comb Pow Dodge Thin Sit To Rural Succeed Milk Part They See Beige Could To Aught Hot Yes Hat He Business Thin Book Food
1OMS 30MS 50MS 1OOMS 200MS 420MS 260MS 70MS 120MS 21OMS 140MS 140MS 70MS 140MS 170MS 70MS 180MS 1OOMS 290MS 250MS 280MS 70MS 1OOMS 1OOMS 1OOMS 180MS 120MS 130MS 80MS 180MS 100MS 260MS
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E 2F 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E 3F
040 041 042 043 044 045 046 047 050 051 052 053 054 055 056 057 060 061 062 063 064 065 066 067 070 071 072 073 074 075 076 077
/AW/ /DD2/ /GG3/ /VV/ /GG1/ /SH/ /ZH/ /RR2/ /FF/ /KK2/ /KK1/ /ZZ/ /NG/ /LL/ /WW/ /XR/ /WH/ /YY1/ /CH/ /ER1/ /ER2/ /OW/ /DH2/ /SS/ /NN2/ /HH2/ /OR/ /AR/ /YR/ /GG2/ /EL/ /BB2/
Out Do Wig Vest Got Ship Azure Brain Food Sky Can't Zoo Anchor Lake Wool Repair Whig Yes Church Fir Fir Beau They Vest No Hoe Store Alarm Clear Guest Saddle Business
370MS 160MS 140MS 19OMS 80MS 160MS 190MS 12OMS 150MS 190MS 160MS 21OMS 220MS 110MS 180MS 360MS 200MS 130MS 190MS 160MS 300MS 240MS 240MS 90MS 190MS 180MS 330MS 290MS 350MS 40MS 190MS 50MS
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