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aat3132/32a high efficiency 1.5x fractional charge pump for white led applications 3132.2005.12.1.4 1 chargepump ? general description the aat3132/32a is a low noise, constant frequen- cy charge pump dc/dc converter that uses frac- tional (1.5x) conversion to maximize efficiency for white led applications. the device can be used to produce current levels up to 20ma in three of its out- puts and up to 25 or 30ma in one of its outputs to drive leds from a 2.7v to 5.5v input. outputs may be operated individually or paralleled for driving higher-current leds. a low external parts count (two 1f flying capacitors and two small 1f capac- itors at v in and out) makes the aat3132/32a ide- ally suited for small battery-powered applications. analogictech's simple serial control? (s 2 cwire?) interface is used to enable, disable, and set the led drive current in two groups: the three 20ma outputs and the single 30ma output with multiple level loga- rithmic scales. the aat3132/32a has a thermal management system to protect the device in the event of a short-circuit condition at the output pin. built-in soft-start circuitry prevents excessive inrush current during start-up. a high charge pump switch- ing frequency enables the use of very small external capacitors. a low-current shutdown feature discon- nects the load from v in and reduces quiescent cur- rent to less than 1a. the device also integrates a test current/auto-disable feature for each channel. the aat3132/32a is available in the very small, pb- free, 12-pin tsopjw package. features ?v in range: 2.7v to 5.5v ? <1.0a of shutdown current ? 1mhz switching frequency ? white led backlighting ? fully independent display lighting ? drives low-v f and high-v f type leds ? up to three 20ma outputs ? single 25ma output (aat3132-1) ? single 30ma output (aat3132/32a) ? multi-position logarithmic scale with digital control ? low noise constant frequency operation ? regulated output current ? automatic soft start ? no inductors ? -40c to +85c temperature range ? 12-pin tsopjw package applications ? color (rgb) lighting ? programmable current source ? white led backlighting ? white photo flash for digital still cameras typical application c in 1 f v battery c out 1 f en/set c1 1 f c2 1 f d5 d3 d2 d1 vin vout c1+ c1- c2+ c2- d1 d2 d3 d4 en/set gnd aat3132 d4
pin descriptions pin configuration tsopjw-12 (top view) 1 2 3 4 5 6 12 11 10 9 8 7 c2+ out c1- c1+ d3 d2 c2- gnd in en/set d1 d4 pin # symbol function 1 c2+ flying capacitor 2 positive terminal. connect a 1f capacitor between c2+ and c2-. 2 out charge pump output. requires 1f capacitor connected between this pin and ground. 3 c1- flying capacitor 1 negative terminal. 4 c1+ flying capacitor 1 positive terminal. connect a 1f capacitor between c1+ and c1-. 5 d3 current source output #3. 6 d2 current source output #2. 7 d4 current source output #4. 8 d1 current source output #1. 9 en/set control pin. 10 in input power supply. requires 1f capacitor connected between this pin and ground. 11 gnd ground. 12 c2- flying capacitor 2 negative terminal. aat3132/32a high efficiency 1.5x fractional charge pump for white led applications 2 3132.2005.12.1.4
absolute maximum ratings 1 thermal information 3 symbol description value units ja thermal resistance 160 c/w p d maximum power dissipation (t a = 25c) 4 625 mw symbol description value units v in input voltage -0.3 to 6 v v out charge pump output -0.3 to 6 v v en/set en/set to gnd voltage -0.3 to 6 v v en/set(max) maximum en/set to input voltage v in - 0.3 v i out 2 maximum dc output current 150 ma t j operating junction temperature range -40 to 150 c aat3132/32a high efficiency 1.5x fractional charge pump for white led applications 3132.2005.12.1.4 3 1. stresses above those listed in absolute maximum ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. functional operation at c ondi- tions other than the operating conditions specified is not implied. only one absolute maximum rating should be applied at any one time. 2. based on long-term current density limitation. 3. mounted on an fr4 board. 4. derate 6.25mw/c above 25c.
electrical characteristics 1 v in = 3.5v, c in = c out = c 1 = c 2 = 1.0f; t a = -40c to +85c, unless otherwise noted. typical values are t a = 25c. symbol description conditions min typ max units input power supply v in operation range 2.7 5.5 v i cc operating current 3.0 v in 5.5, active, 1.8 3.5 ma no load current i shdn shutdown current en = 0 1.0 a i dx maximum output current d1 to d3 3.0 v in 5.5 18 20 22 ma i dx maximum output current d4 t a = 25c aat3132-1 22.5 25 27.5 ma t a = 25c aat3132 27 30 33 i (d-match) current matching between vd1:d3 = 3.6, v in = 3.3v 0.5 % any two outputs cp charge pump section efficiency v in = 3.5v, i out(total) = 90ma, 93 % measured from in to out charge pump section t ss soft-start time 200 s f clk clock frequency 1000 khz en/set v en(l) enable threshold low 0.5 v v en(h) enable threshold high 1.4 v t en/set lo en/set low time v en/set < 0.5 0.3 75 s t en/set hi minimum en/set high time v en/set > 1.4 50 ns t off en/set off timeout v en/set < 0.5 500 s input current en/set input leakage -1 1 a aat3132/32a high efficiency 1.5x fractional charge pump for white led applications 4 3132.2005.12.1.4 1. the aat3132/32a is guaranteed to meet performance specifications over the -40c to +85c operating temperature range and is assured by design, characterization, and correlation with statistical process controls.
aat3132/32a high efficiency 1.5x fractional charge pump for white led applications 3132.2005.12.1.4 5 typical characteristics unless otherwise noted, v in = 3.5v, c in = c out = c 1 = c 2 = 1f, t a = 25c. 80ma load characteristics time (1s/div) 20mv/div v in out v diode turn-off time (200s/div) enset (1v/div) v diode (2v/div) i in (100ma/div) turn-on to full-scale load switch time (50s/div) enset (1v/div) out (2v/div) v diode (2v/div) i in (100ma/div) turn-on to full-scale charge pump time (50s/div) enset (1v/div) out (2v/div) v diode (1v/div) i in (200ma/div) v ih and v il vs. v in 0.600 0.625 0.650 0.675 0.700 0.725 0.750 0.775 0.800 0.825 0.850 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 input voltage (v) v ih v il i diode vs. input voltage (4x20ma) 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.9 5.1 input voltage (v) i diode (ma) v diode = 3.3v v diode = 3.4v v diode = 3.5v v diode = 3.6v
typical characteristics unless otherwise noted, v in = 3.5v, c in = c out = c 1 = c 2 = 1f, t a = 25c. i diode vs. temperature -7.00 -6.00 -5.00 -4.00 -3.00 -2.00 -1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90 110 temperature ( c) output current change (%) aat3132/32a high efficiency 1.5x fractional charge pump for white led applications 6 3132.2005.12.1.4
aat3132/32a high efficiency 1.5x fractional charge pump for white led applications 3132.2005.12.1.4 7 functional block diagram 1.5x charge pump soft-start control 1mhz oscillator voltage reference quad output dac single output dac current reference s 2 cwire interface 32x16 bit rom c1+ c1- c2+ c2- out d1 d2 d3 d4 gnd en/set vin 32x16 bit rom functional description the aat3132/32a is a high efficiency (1.5x) frac- tional charge pump device intended for white led backlight applications. it consists of a 1.5x charge pump with multiple current source outputs. to max- imize power conversion efficiency, an internal feed- back control sensing circuit monitors the voltage required on the constant current source outputs. the aat3132/32a requires only four external components: two 1f ceramic capacitors for the charge pump flying capacitors (c 1 and c 2 ), one 1f ceramic input capacitor (c in ), and one 0.33f to 1f ceramic output capacitor (c out ). the 1.5x charge pump output is converted into three (d1 to d3) constant current outputs to drive three individual leds with a maximum current of 20ma each, and one (d4) constant current output with a maximum current of 25 or 30ma. the cur-
aat3132/32a high efficiency 1.5x fractional charge pump for white led applications 8 3132.2005.12.1.4 rent source output magnitude is controlled by the en/set serial data interface. the interface records rising edges of the en/set pin and decodes them into 32 addresses corresponding to individual current level settings. the 32 address- es are divided up such that outputs d1 to d3 can be controlled independently of output d4. for addresses 1 to 8, 9 to 16, 17 to 24, and 25 to 32, outputs d1 to d3 start at 0ma and increase from 0.5ma to 20ma in three 8db steps and three 2.5db steps. output d4 remains constant over these address ranges which provides orthogonal control of the two channels. for addresses 1 to 8, d4 is set to 0ma. for addresses 9 to 16, d4 is set to the next brightness setting; likewise for addresses 17 to 24 and addresses 25 to 32. this is summarized in table 1 and figure 1. the modulo 32 interface wraps back to state 1 after the 32nd clock. with each en/set pulse, the output current changes to the next setting in the address decoding. to change settings to the previous address decoding, 31 en/set clock pulses are required. the counter can be clocked at speeds up to 1mhz, so intermediate states are not visible. the first rising edge of en/set enables the ic and initially sets the output led currents 0ma. additional clocks are required to set the desired current level. once the final clock cycle is input for the desired brightness level, the en/set pin is held high to maintain the device output current at the programmed level. the device is disabled 500s after the en/set pin transitions to a logic low state. figure 1: output current level settings (option aat3132). 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 address code current (ma)
aat3132/32a high efficiency 1.5x fractional charge pump for white led applications 3132.2005.12.1.4 9 table 1: constant current source output programming levels. current level settings (ma) address d1 to d3 d4 (aat3132/32a) d4 (aat3132-1) 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 2 0.5 0.0 0.0 3 1.3 0.0 0.0 4 3.3 0.0 0.0 5 8.3 0.0 0.0 6 11.1 0.0 0.0 7 15.0 0.0 0.0 8 20.0 0.0 0.0 9 0.0 1.0 15.0 10 0.5 1.0 15.0 11 1.3 1.0 15.0 12 3.3 1.0 15.0 13 8.3 1.0 15.0 14 11.1 1.0 15.0 15 15.0 1.0 15.0 16 20.0 1.0 15.0 17 0.0 15.0 20.0 18 0.5 15.0 20.0 19 1.3 15.0 20.0 20 3.3 15.0 20.0 21 8.3 15.0 20.0 22 11.1 15.0 20.0 23 15.0 15.0 20.0 24 20.0 15.0 20.0 25 0.0 30.0 25.0 26 0.5 30.0 25.0 27 1.3 30.0 25.0 28 3.3 30.0 25.0 29 8.3 30.0 25.0 30 11.1 30.0 25.0 31 15.0 30.0 25.0 32 20.0 30.0 25.0
applications information constant current output level settings the constant current source output amplitude for outputs d1 to d3 and d4 are set via the serial inter- face according to a logarithmic scale depicted in figure 1. using a logarithmic scale, led bright- ness appears linear with each increasing code count. because the outputs d1 to d4 are true independent constant current sources, the voltage observed on any single given output will be deter- mined by the actual forward voltage (v f ) for the led being driven. since the output current of the aat3132/32a is programmable through its s 2 cwire interface, no pwm (pulse width modulation) or additional control circuitry are needed to control led brightness. this feature greatly reduces the burden on a microcon- troller or system ic to manage led or display brightness, allowing the user to "set it and forget it." furthermore, with its high-speed serial interface (1mhz data rate), the output current of the aat3132/32a can changed successively to bright- en or dim leds in smooth transitions (e.g., to fade out) or in abrupt steps, giving the user complete programmability and real-time control of led brightness. en/set serial interface (s 2 cwire) the current source output magnitude is controlled by the en/set serial data interface. the interface records rising edges of the en/set pin and decodes them into 32 individual current level set- tings, as summarized in table 1. the modulo 32 interface wraps back to state 1 after the 32nd clock, so the previous state is achieved by clocking the en/set pin 31 times. the counter can be clocked at speeds up to 1mhz, so that intermediate states are not visible. the first rising edge of en/set enables the ic and initially sets the output led current to 0. once the final clock cycle is input for the desired brightness level, the en/set pin is held high to maintain the device output current at the programmed level. the device is disabled 500s after the en/set pin transitions to a logic low state. the en/set timing is designed to accommodate a wide range of data rates. after the first rising edge of en/set, the charge pump is enabled and reaches full capacity after the soft- start time (t ss ). during the soft-start time, multiple clock pulses may be entered on the en/set pin to set the final output current level with a single burst of clocks. alternatively, the en/set clock pulses may be entered one at a time to gradually increase led brightness over any desired time period. a constant current is sourced as long as en/set remains in a logic high state. the current source outputs are switched off after en/set has remained in a low state for at least the t off timeout period. led selection the aat3132/32a is specifically intended for driving white leds. however, the device design will allow the aat3132/32a to drive most types of leds with forward voltage specifications ranging from 2.0v to 4.3v. led applications may include main and sub- lcd display backlighting, camera photo-flash appli- cations, color (rgb) leds, infrared (ir) diodes for remotes, and other loads benefiting from a controlled output current generated from a varying input volt- age. since the d1 to d4 output current sources are matched with negligible voltage dependence, the led brightness will be matched regardless of the specific led forward voltage (v f ) levels. in some instances (e.g., in high luminous output applications such as photo flash), it may be neces- sary to drive high-v f type leds. the low dropout current sources in the aat3132/32a make it capa- ble of driving leds with forward voltages as high as 4.3v at full current from an input supply as low as 3.0v. outputs can be paralleled to drive high current leds without complication. device switching noise performance the aat3132/32a operates at a fixed frequency of approximately 1mhz to control noise and limit har- monics that can interfere with the rf operation of cellular telephone handsets or other communica- tion devices. back-injected noise appearing on the input pin of the charge pump is 20mv peak-to- peak, typically ten times less than inductor-based dc/dc boost converter white led backlight solu- tions. the aat3132/32a soft-start feature prevents noise transient effects associated with inrush cur- rents during start-up of the charge pump circuit. aat3132/32a high efficiency 1.5x fractional charge pump for white led applications 10 3132.2005.12.1.4
aat3132/32a high efficiency 1.5x fractional charge pump for white led applications 3132.2005.12.1.4 11 power efficiency and device evaluation the charge pump efficiency discussion in the fol- lowing sections only accounts for efficiency of the charge pump section itself. due to the unique circuit architecture and design of the aat3132/32a, it is very difficult to measure efficiency in terms of a per- cent value comparing input power over output power. since the aat3132/32a outputs are pure constant current sources and typically drive individual loads, it is difficult to measure the output voltage for a given output (d1 to d4) to derive an overall output power measurement. for any given application, white led forward voltage levels can differ, yet the output drive current will be maintained as a constant. this makes quantifying output power a difficult task when taken in the context of comparing to other white led driver circuit topologies. a better way to quantify total device efficiency is to observe the total input power to the device for a given led current drive level. the best white led driver for a given applica- tion should be based on trade-offs of size, external components count, reliability, operating range, and total energy usage... not just % efficiency . the aat3132/32a efficiency may be quantified under very specific conditions and is dependent upon the input voltage versus the output voltage seen across the loads applied to outputs d1 through d4 for a given constant current setting. the efficiency ( ) can be simply defined as a linear voltage regulator with an effective output voltage that is equal to one and one half times the input voltage. efficiency ( ) for an ideal 1.5x charge pump can typically be expressed as the output power divided by the input power. in addition, with an ideal 1.5x charge pump, the output current may be expressed as 2/3 of the input current. the expression to define the ideal efficiency ( ) can be rewritten as: -or- for a charge pump with an output of 5v and a nom- inal input of 3.5v, the theoretical efficiency is 95%. due to internal switching losses and ic quiescent current consumption, the actual efficiency can be measured at 93%. these figures are in close agree- ment for output load conditions from 1ma to 100ma. efficiency will decrease as load current drops below 0.05ma or when level of v in approaches v out . refer to the typical characteristics section of this datasheet for measured plots of efficiency versus input voltage and output load current for the given charge pump output voltage options. capacitor selection careful selection of the four external capacitors c in , c 1 , c 2 , and c out is important because they will affect turn-on time, output ripple, and transient per- formance. optimum performance will be obtained when low equivalent series resistance (esr) (%) = 100 v out 1.5v in ?? ?? = p out = v out i out = v out p in v in 1.5i out 1.5v in = p ou t p in en/set timing diagram en/set code 1 2 3 off off t hi t lo t off
aat3132/32a high efficiency 1.5x fractional charge pump for white led applications 12 3132.2005.12.1.4 ceramic capacitors are used. in general, low esr may be defined as less than 100m ? . a value of 1f for all four capacitors is a good starting point when choosing capacitors. if the led current sources are only programmed for light current lev- els, then the capacitor size may be decreased. capacitor characteristics ceramic composition capacitors are highly recom- mended over all other types of capacitors for use with the aat3132/32a. ceramic capacitors offer many advantages over their tantalum and alu- minum electrolytic counterparts. a ceramic capac- itor typically has very low esr, is lowest cost, has a smaller pcb footprint, and is non-polarized. low esr ceramic capacitors help to maximize charge pump transient response. since ceramic capaci- tors are non-polarized, they are not prone to incor- rect connection damage. equivalent series resistance esr is an important characteristic to consider when selecting a capacitor. esr is a resistance internal to a capacitor that is caused by the leads, internal connections, size or area, material composition, and ambient temperature. capacitor esr is typi- cally measured in milliohms for ceramic capacitors and can range to more than several ohms for tanta- lum or aluminum electrolytic capacitors. ceramic capacitor materials ceramic capacitors less than 0.1f are typically made from npo or c0g materials. npo and c0g materials have tight tolerance and are stable over temperature. large capacitor values are typically composed of x7r, x5r, z5u, or y5v dielectric materials. large ceramic capacitors, greater than 2.2f, are often available in low-cost y5v and z5u dielectrics, but capacitors greater than 1f are usually not required for aat3132/32a applications. capacitor area is another contributor to esr. capacitors that are physically large will have a lower esr when compared to an equivalent material smaller capacitor. these larger devices can improve circuit transient response when compared to an equal value capacitor in a smaller package size. test current/channel disable each channel of the output is equipped with test cur- rent function. a small amount of current (~2a) is injected into each output current source to detect the presence of load (led). unused channels that are tied to ground or led load fail short will be automat- ically disabled instead of wasting the programmed output current. the test current in the aat3132a is higher (~150a) to accommodate leds with lower impedance in failure mode. thermal protection the aat3132/32a has a thermal protection circuit that will shut down the charge pump if the die tem- perature rises above the thermal limit, as is the case during a short-circuit of the out pin. driving multiple leds, white led display module backlights, and individual leds connected in parallel the aat3132/32a d1 to d4 outputs are true con- stant current sources capable of driving up to 20ma (d1 to d3) or 25/30ma (d4) each over the operation input voltage range. since these outputs are true constant current sources, they may be connected in parallel to drive a single power output. any combina- tion of outputs (d1 to d4) may be connected in par- allel. the maximum total output current is a sum of how many current sources are parallel connected. this feature is particularly useful to power pre-man- ufactured display modules which are pre-wired with white led backlights connected in a parallel circuit configuration. any combination of outputs may be connected in parallel to drive groups of leds. the aat3132/32a internal current source reference cir- cuit bases feedback from current sensed on the d1 and d4 outputs. for best operation, the only require- ment for this type of application is the outputs d1 and d4 should always be connected to the load circuit. the aat3132/32a may be used to drive multiple leds having differing forward voltages. using feedback techniques, the current in d1 to d3 is ref- erenced to the current in the led connected to d1. current source output d4 is its own reference. if all leds are of similar type, the diodes will be matched in current, maintaining uniform led brightness despite variations in manufacturer, pro- duction, etc.
however, if the diodes are dramatically different in type comprising a mix of high-v f type and low-v f type leds, the aat3132/32a has the capability to optimally drive up to four leds of one type and up to two leds of another type simultaneously. this feature can be useful for driving different color leds, driving both display backlight and photo- flash leds, or for driving main and sub-lcd dis- play led backlights from a single charge pump ic. for example, when driving independent rgb leds, the green and blue leds typically require a high v f to operate (e.g., 3.7v), while the red led needs a low forward voltage (e.g., 2v). by con- necting the green and blue diodes to outputs d1 to d3 and the red diodes to d4, good control and uni- formity in brightness is maintained despite the 2v difference in the diode forward voltages. similarly, if a 4v photo-flash led array is connect- ed to outputs d1 through d3 (with the outputs short- ed together) and two 3.3v sub-lcd display back- light leds are connected to output d4, then the aat3132/32a can optimally drive each set of leds at the programmed current level (see figure 2). aat3132/32a high efficiency 1.5x fractional charge pump for white led applications 3132.2005.12.1.4 13 figure 2: aat3132/32a driving two groups of paralleled white leds (e.g., main and sub-lcd backlights). c in 1 f v battery c out 1 f en/set c1 1 f c2 1 f d2 d3 d4 d5 vin vout c1+ c1- c2+ c2- d1 d2 d3 d4 en/set gnd aat3132 aat3132a d1 d6
aat3132/32a high efficiency 1.5x fractional charge pump for white led applications 14 3132.2005.12.1.4 advanced analogic technologies, inc. 830 e. arques avenue, sunnyvale, ca 94085 phone (408) 737-4600 fax (408) 737-4611 1. xyy = assembly and date code. 2. sample stock is generally held on part numbers listed in bold . ? advanced analogic technologies, inc. analogictech cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in an analogictech pr oduct. no circuit patent licenses, copyrights, mask work rights, or other intellectual property rights are implied. analogictech reserves the right to make changes to their products or specifi cations or to discontinue any product or service without notice. customers are advised to obtain the latest version of relevant information to verify, before placing orders, that information b eing relied on is current and complete. all products are sold subject to the terms and conditions of sale supplied at the time of order acknowledgement, including those pertaining to warran ty, patent infringement, and limitation of liability. analogictech warrants performance of its semiconductor products to the specifications applicable at the time of sale in accordance with anal ogictech?s standard warranty. testing and other quality con- trol techniques are utilized to the extent analogictech deems necessary to support this warranty. specific testing of all param eters of each device is not necessarily performed. ordering information package information tsopjw-12 all dimensions in millimeters. 0.20 + 0.10 - 0.05 0.055 0.045 0.45 0.15 7 nom 4 4 3.00 0.10 2.40 0.10 2.85 0.20 0.50 bsc 0.50 bsc 0.50 bsc 0.50 bsc 0.50 bsc 0.15 0.05 0.9625 0.0375 1.00 + 0.10 - 0.065 0.04 ref 0.010 2.75 0.25 all analogictech products are offered in pb-free packaging. the term ?pb-free? means semiconductor products that are in compliance with current rohs standards, including the requirement that lead not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous materials. for more information, please visit our website at http://www.analogictech.com/pbfree. package marking 1 part number (tape and reel) 2 tsopjw-12 jaxyy aat3132itp-t1 tsopjw-12 khxyy AAT3132ITP-1-T1 tsopjw-12 ojxyy aat3132aitp-1-t1

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